Physicists are delving into the behavior of neutrinos—some of the universe's tiniest and most elusive particles—in hopes of answering profound questions about its origins.

University of Cincinnati Professor Alexandre Sousa is among the researchers shaping the next decade of global neutrino exploration. Neutrinos, which pass through nearly everything by the trillions every second at near light speed, are generated by nuclear fusion in the sun, radioactive decay, and particle accelerator experiments. These particles can switch between three "flavors" as they travel, but unexpected anomalies have led scientists to propose the existence of a fourth type: the sterile neutrino, which interacts only with gravity and is immune to other known forces.

"Theoretically, it interacts with gravity, but it has no interaction with the others—weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force, or electromagnetic force," Sousa explained.

In a recent white paper published in the Journal of Physics G, Sousa and his co-authors address the mysterious anomalies observed in neutrino experiments. Their findings and priorities have been incorporated into the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report, which provides funding recommendations to Congress for major physics initiatives.

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"Progress in neutrino physics is expected on several fronts," said co-author and UC Professor Jure Zupan. One pressing question is why the universe contains more matter than antimatter, even though the Big Bang is believed to have created both equally. Neutrinos could hold the answer to this cosmic asymmetry.

"It might not make a difference in your daily life, but we're trying to understand why we're here," Sousa said. "Neutrinos seem to hold the key to answering these very deep questions."

Sousa is heavily involved in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), one of the most ambitious neutrino projects to date. Conducted at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, DUNE involves neutrino detectors installed 5,000 feet underground in a former gold mine, shielded from cosmic rays and background radiation. The experiment will employ the most powerful neutrino beam ever created, enabling groundbreaking research.

"With these two detector modules and the most powerful neutrino beam ever, we can do a lot of science," Sousa said. "DUNE coming online will be extremely exciting. It will be the best neutrino experiment ever."

The white paper, a collaborative effort involving over 170 contributors from 118 institutions, highlights the importance of teamwork in advancing scientific understanding. "It's not always easy, but it's a pleasure when it comes together," Sousa said.

In addition to DUNE, Sousa and UC Associate Professor Adam Aurisano are part of the NOvA experiment at Fermilab, which studies how neutrinos change flavor. Their research has yielded the most precise measurements of neutrino mass to date. Another major initiative, Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K), is under construction in Japan and promises to complement DUNE’s findings.

"Hyper-K and DUNE combined will advance our knowledge immensely," Sousa said. "We should have some answers during the 2030s."