Chen Cui, a new assistant professor at the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science, is working to enhance electric propulsion (EP) thrusters, a critical technology for the next generation of space exploration. "To ensure the long-term viability of this technology, we need to optimize the integration of EP systems with spacecraft," Cui explained.

Collaborating with his former adviser, Joseph Wang from the University of Southern California, Cui recently published findings in Plasma Sources Science and Technology. Their research sheds new light on electron kinetic behavior in plasma beams, offering insights that could shape the future of spacecraft propulsion.

Cui, who joined UVA's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering in the fall, is delving into the behavior of electrons within the plasma beams generated by EP thrusters. "Although electrons are tiny, their movement and energy significantly influence the macroscopic dynamics of the plasma plume emitted by the thruster," he noted.

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Electric propulsion systems operate by ionizing a neutral gas, such as xenon, and accelerating the ions using electric fields. The resulting high-speed plasma beam propels the spacecraft. Compared to chemical rockets, EP systems are far more fuel-efficient, enabling spacecraft to travel greater distances with less fuel. These systems, often powered by solar panels or small nuclear reactors, are well-suited for extended missions like NASA's Artemis program, which aims to return humans to the moon and eventually send astronauts to Mars.

Despite their advantages, the plasma plume emitted by EP thrusters presents challenges. As the lifeline of the propulsion system, it must be carefully managed to avoid issues. For example, some particles in the plume may flow backward toward the spacecraft, potentially damaging critical components such as solar panels or communication antennas.

By studying the microscopic interactions of electrons within the plasma, Cui seeks to mitigate these risks and refine EP systems for more reliable, long-term missions. His work represents an important step in advancing propulsion technologies for humanity’s journey deeper into space.