An international team of astronomers has discovered a new exoplanet, TOI-6038 A b, orbiting a bright late F-type star approximately 578 light-years away. This alien world is about six times the size of Earth and nearly 80 times more massive. The findings were detailed in a paper published on January 4 on the arXiv preprint server.

The exoplanet was identified using data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which surveys 200,000 of the brightest nearby stars to detect transiting exoplanets. To date, TESS has discovered nearly 7,400 planetary candidates, with 591 confirmed. TOI-6038 A b is the latest confirmed planet, thanks to follow-up observations using the 2.5-meter telescope at the PRL Observatory in India.

TOI-6038 A b has a radius of approximately 6.41 Earth radii and a mass of 78.5 Earth masses, resulting in a bulk density of 1.62 g/cm³. It orbits its host star every 5.83 days at a distance of 0.069 AU and has an equilibrium temperature of 1,439 K.

Modeling of the planet’s internal structure suggests a massive core of about 58 Earth masses, composed mainly of rock and iron, which accounts for 74% of its total mass. The remaining mass is attributed to a modest hydrogen/helium envelope, indicating a relatively thin atmosphere.

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This composition places TOI-6038 A b in the sub-Saturn category, lying on the boundary between the Neptunian ridge and savanna. These terms describe regions in the exoplanet population where Neptune-like planets are either sparse or moderately common, depending on their orbital periods.

TOI-6038 A, the host star, is part of a binary system with a K-type companion star, TOI-6038 B, separated by approximately 3,217 AU. The host star has a radius of 0.9 solar radii, a mass of 0.86 solar masses, and an effective temperature of 6,110 K. It is about 3.65 billion years old and has a metallicity of 0.124 dex.

This discovery contributes to the growing understanding of planetary formation and diversity, particularly in binary star systems and regions of the exoplanet population that challenge existing theories.